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Football

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article is about the overall concept of games called football. For the balls themselves, see Football (ball). For specific versions of the game and other uses of the term, see Football (disambiguation).

Several codes of football. Images, from top to down, left to right: Association football, Australian rules football, international rules football, a rugby union scrum, rugby league, and American football.

Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word footballnormally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly called football include association football (known as soccer in some countries); gridiron football (specifically American football or Canadian football); Australian rules football; rugby football (either rugby league or rugby union); and Gaelic football.^[1][2] These various forms of football are known as football codes.

There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the world.^[3][4][5]Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century.^[6][7] The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the directly controlled Empire.^[8] By the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.^[9] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.^[10]

Contents

• 1Common elements
• 2Etymology
• 3Early history
  • 3.1Ancient games
  • 3.2Medieval and early modern Europe
  • 3.3Calcio Fiorentino
  • 3.4Official disapproval and attempts to ban football
• 4Establishment of modern codes
  • 4.1English public schools
  • 4.2Firsts
  • 4.3Cambridge rules
  • 4.4Sheffield rules
  • 4.5Australian rules
  • 4.6Football Association
  • 4.7Rugby football
  • 4.8North American football codes
  • 4.9Gaelic football
  • 4.10Schism in Rugby football
  • 4.11Globalisation of association football
  • 4.12Further divergence of the two rugby codes
• 5Use of the word “football”
• 6Popularity
• 7Football codes board
  • 7.1Football codes development tree
• 8Present day codes and families
  • 8.1Association football and descendants
  • 8.2Rugby school football and descendants
  • 8.3Irish and Australian varieties
  • 8.4Surviving medieval ball games
  • 8.5Surviving UK school games
  • 8.6Recent inventions and hybrid games
  • 8.7Tabletop games, video games and other recreations
• 9See also
• 10Notes
• 11References

Common elements

Men kicking footballs

The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football: carrying codes like American football, Canadian football, rugby union and rugby league, where the ball is moved about the field while being held in the hands or thrown, and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football, where the ball is moved primarily with the feet, and where handling is strictly limited.^[11]

Common rules among the sports include:^[12]

• Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are also popular.
• A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
• Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team’s end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
• Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
• The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
• Players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball.
• Players using only their body to move the ball.

In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking.^[11] In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts